VOLA 8-1
Ana Paula (left) and Fatima, with a banner of some of the young men killed in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. © Ali Rocha 2016Marielle cropped
Marielle Franco, Rio councillor, assassinated 14 March 2018. © Midia Ninja - Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.VOLA 8-4
Ana Enamorado, Honduras, with a photo of her son Oscar Antonio. © Francisco Elias Prada/ojos ilegales 2012. From the photo essay Transmigración en MovimientoVOLA 8-6-2
Hijos and Hijas – sons and daughters of those forcibly disappeared in Colombia– put on a play in memory of their loved ones, 20 August 2016. © Ricardo Robayo Vallejo
8. State violence, policing, and paramilitaries
Abstract
Policing in Latin America has been increasingly militarized in recent years. Not only has this failed to reduce crime, it kills and injures many innocent people, including children. This violence disproportionately affects the poor, as well as black and indigenous communities. Migrants are frequent targets.
Both state forces and non-state actors such as paramilitary groups may be deployed to protect the operations of extractive industries such as mining, oil drilling, and agribusiness.
Index
News related to this chapter
El Salvador: human rights defender arrested
The Bukele government in El Salvador, as well as locking up thousands of alleged gang members is now extending its attacks to communities and those who seek to defend their human rights and their land.
Chiapas: women in rebellion and resistance
LAB council member Elva Narcía Cancino reports from Chiapas, Mexico, where Zapatista indigenous women meet for a training day for Resistance and Rebellion -- against the background of rising levels of violence fueled by drug trafficking gangs and a government which has been ineffectual at best.
US helping Brazilian police kill
Brazil’s highly militarized policing disproportionately impacts poor and racialized communities. By providing funding and training, the United States has helped exacerbate the crisis.
Brazil: soldiers acquitted of Rio ‘execution’
A military court acquitted 8 soldiers of the 2019 assassination in Rio de Janeiro of musician Evaldo Rosa, together with a refuse collector who went to his aide. The only woman judge condemned the verdict and spoke of institutional racism and racial profiling.
La Casa del Frente
A graphic novel by Adam Policzer describes his experience as a Jewish child in wartime Hungary and, decades later, his arrest in Pinochet's Chile. In each case he was saved by the courage and humanity of individuals who dared to resist: a quality the book celebrates.
Videos
K – the story of a search
Bernardo Kucinski's searing memoir 'K' tells the story of the agonised search by a father for his disappeared daughter, kidnapped and eventually murdered by...
Colombian artists reflect on rural violence and memory in short film
The short film is intended as an expression of solidarity with the current strike and its title, Desolvido, translates as ‘unforgetting’; evoking a desire not to forget past moments of beauty even in the face of a violent present.
Santiago Rising: interview with director Nick MacWilliam
Carole Concha Bell interviews Nick MacWilliam about his new Alborada Films documentary 'Santiago Rising', digging deeper into the estallido social in Chile and how to effectively capture the sentiments and events of this social movement.
Salvadorean refugees repatriate to Nueva Esperanza
In 1991 a group of 325 Salvadorean refugees returned to their country after 10 years of exile in Nicaragua. They faced great difficulties in...
I’m here to stay
The reality confronting migrants who manage to cross the Rio Bravo, in pursuit of the famous American dream, but finding themselves, instead, engulfed in...
Mike Gatehouse lived in Chile in 1972-3 and worked for 15 years in London for Latin America solidarity and human rights organizations.
Co-author of LAB’s Soft Drink, Hard Labour – Guatemalan workers take on Coca Cola and In the Mountains of Morazán – Portrait of a returned refugee community in El Salvador, he is an editor at LAB.
Interviewees
References
NB: All web references were checked and still available in May/June 2018 unless otherwise stated.
Amnesty International (2016) “Treated with Indolence” – The State’s Response to Disappearances in Mexico, Amnesty International Report
Burt, J. M. (2012) ‘Quest for human rights justice in Peru suffers serious setbacks’, Foreign Policy in Focus
CEH (1999) ‘Guatemala: memory of silence’, Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification, Conclusions and Recommendations, English summary
Chohan, J.K. (2017) ‘Colombia: incompliance, continued violence and crop eradication’, LAB, 31 October
Cruz, E. (2016) ‘Crimes de Maio causaram 564 mortes em 2006; entenda o caso’, Agência Brasil
El Colombiano (2017) ‘“En Colombia no hay paramilitarismo”: Ministro de Defensa’, 11 January
Gill, S. (2016) ‘Colombia state ties to paramilitary groups alive and well: Report’, Colombia Reports
Hernández, A. and Fisher, S. (2014) ‘Iguala: la historia no oficial’, Proceso
Holocaust Museum (no date) ‘Genocide in Guatemala, 1981–83’, Holocaust Museum, Houston, TX
Huey, D. (2014) ‘The US war on drugs and its legacy in Latin America’, The Guardian, 3 February
Human Rights Watch (2016) ‘“Good cops are afraid” – the toll of unchecked police violence in Rio de Janeiro’, Human Rights Watch
Jardim, L. (2018) ‘Ibope: 50% dos brasileiros acham que ‘bandido bom é bandido morto’, O Globo, 4 March
LAB (forthcoming) Overburden: Community Resistance to Mining in Latin America, Latin America Bureau (LAB) and Practical Action Publishing, Rugby.
Mortensen, T. (2017) ‘Colombia: peace, but maybe not the peace we hoped for’, LAB, 27 November
Ni Bhriain, N. (2016) ‘Colombia: the dark side of peace in Tumaco’, LAB, 20 September
Roxo, S. (2017) ‘“Policial que não mata não é policial” diz Bolsonaro‘, O Globo
Ruge, E. (2017) ‘Mothers of kids killed by police speak out at launch of “No tanks!” campaign against police operations’, RioOnWatch, 15 December
Further reading
General
– Charles, M. (2019) ‘A Split Emerges in Latin America Over How to Deal With Rising Violence’, World Politics Review
– Chavez, R.B. (2018) ‘The Return of Latin America’s Military’, The New York Times
– Clavel, T. (2018) ‘Why Latin America Dominates Global Homicide Rankings’, InSight Crime
– Fuchs Alvarado, G. (2019) ‘Countering hate speech against refugees and migrants: An evaluation of international human rights treaties and soft law instruments‘, Revista Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, No.92.1, January-June 2019
– Kyle, B.J. and Reiter, A.G. (2018) ‘Militarization Redux’, NACLA
– Muggah, R. and Aguirre Tobón, K. (2018) ‘Citizen security in Latin America: Facts and Figures’, Strategic Paper 33, Igarapé Institute
– Muggah, R. and Szabó Carvalho, I. (2017) ‘There’s a cure for Latin America’s murder epidemic – and it doesn’t involve more police or prisons’, World Economic Forum
– Pearce, J. (2018) ‘Elites and Violence in Latin America: Logics of the Fragmented Security State’, Violence, Security, and Peace Working Papers, No. 1, LSE Latin America and Caribbean Centre
– Woody, C. (2015) ‘‘We have seen a significant amount of deaths’: Inside Latin America’s brutal war on crime’, Business Insider
– Yagoub, M. (2017) ‘From Chile to Mexico: Best and Worst of LatAm Police’, InSight Crime
Brazil
– Democracy Now! (2019) ‘“This Is Just the Beginning”: Greenwald on Rising State Violence & Homophobia in Bolsonaro’s Brazil’, Democracy Now!
– Lemgruber, J. and Musumeci, L. (2017) ‘Not all Brazilians believe that criminals have no rights, but a startling number do’, The Conversation
– Reist, S. (2018) ‘The Deadly Genealogy of Bolsonaro’s Favorite Slogan’, Jacobin
– Smith, C. (2018) ‘Lingering Trauma in Brazil: Police Violence Against Black Women’, NACLA
Colombia
Cosoy, N. (2017) ‘Why has Colombia seen a rise in activist murders?’, BBC News
– Friedmann, J. (2018) ‘‘The Only Protection Is God’: Negotiating Faith and Violence in Chocó’, Pulitzer Center
– Mcevoy, K.G. (2018) ‘Britain’s Secret War in Colombia’, Jacobin
– Parkin Daniels, J. (2018) ‘Colombia’s hidden victims finally get their day in court’, The Guardian
– Wesche, P. (2018) ‘The Paramilitary Threat in Post-Conflict Colombia’, NACLA
Mexico
– BBC News (2018) ‘Migrant caravan: What is it and why does it matter?’, BBC News
– Ernst, F. (2018) ‘‘The training stays with you’: the elite Mexican soldiers recruited by cartels’, The Guardian
– Holman, J. (2018) ‘Mexico police officers ‘underpaid, under-equipped’’, Al Jazeera
– Nugent, C. (2018) ‘Mexico Is Suffering Its Bloodiest Year in Modern History. Here’s Why’, Time
– Villegas, P. (2018) ‘An Old Sore for Mexico’s Next President: The 43 Missing Students’, The New York Times